Abstract
Recurring difficulties in producing the English phonemes /?/, /?/, and /?/ were observed among the participating fourth-grade EFL learners. This study examined changes in learners’ pronunciation performance after a structured tongue-twister intervention focused on these target phonemes. A quantitative one-group quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design was used with 25 students from a private educational institution in Ambato, Ecuador. The intervention consisted of ten 25-minute classroom sessions conducted over three weeks, progressing from target-word practice to increasingly complex tongue twisters. Pronunciation was assessed through an adapted listener-based rubric measuring comprehensibility, accentedness, and intelligibility. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired-samples t tests. Mean comprehensibility decreased from 3.64 to 2.56, accentedness decreased from 3.64 to 2.48, and intelligibility increased from 55.50% to 78.50%. Differences were statistically significant across all three dimensions (p < .001). Overall, learners demonstrated more favorable pronunciation performance after the intervention. However, because the study included only one group and no control group, the observed changes cannot be attributed exclusively to tongue-twister practice.
References
Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1992). Articulatory phonology: An overview. Phonetica, 49(3–4), 155–180. https://doi.org/10.1159/000261913
Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., & Goodwin, J. M. (2010). Teaching pronunciation: A course book and reference guide. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511733735
Cook, V. (2001). Second language learning and language teaching. Arnold.
Couper, G. (2011). What makes pronunciation teaching work? Testing for the effect of two variables: Social dynamics and teacher explanation. Language Teaching Research, 15(2), 159–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168810388693
Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., & Wiebe, G. (1998). Evidence in favor of a broad framework for pronunciation instruction. Language Learning, 48(3), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00047
Flege, J. E. (1995). Second language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. In W. Strange, (ed.). Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 233–277). York Press.
Flege, J. E., & Bohn, O.-S. (2021). The revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r). In R. Wayland, (ed.). Second language speech learning: Theoretical and empirical progress (pp. 3–83). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108886901.002
Foote, J., Trofimovich, P., Collins, L., & Urzúa, F. (2016). Pronunciation teaching practices in communicative second language classes. The Language Learning Journal, 44(2), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2013.784345
Galante, A., & Piccardo, E. (2022). Teaching pronunciation: Toward intelligibility and comprehensibility. ELT Journal, 76(3), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccab060
Guenther, F. H. (2006). Cortical interactions underlying the production of speech sounds. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(7), 344–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.006
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (1995). Foreign accent, comprehensibility, and intelligibility in the speech of second language learners. Language Learning, 45(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00963.x
Saito, K. (2012). Effects of instruction on L2 pronunciation development: A synthesis of 15 quasi-experimental intervention studies. TESOL Quarterly, 46(4), 842–854.
Saito, K., & Plonsky, L. (2019). Effects of second language pronunciation teaching revisited: A proposed measurement framework and meta-analysis. Language Learning, 69(3), 652–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12345
Swain, M. (2005). The output hypothesis: Theory and research. In E. Hinkel, (ed.). Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 471–483). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Thomson, R. I., & Derwing, T. M. (2015). The effectiveness of L2 pronunciation instruction: A narrative review. Language Teaching, 48(3), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444814000491

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 María José Lalaleo Pazmiño , Paula Agustina Vélez Yanza
